tl;dr: Proxmox or bare metal? Containers yes/no? What is your use case?

I used a Dell R710 when I first started self-hosting, it ran ESXi with one VM for each service I wanted. Restarting the server required me to first shutdown each VM in order and then the whole host. When setting up a new service to host I had to create a new VM (allocate RAM, disk etc), install the OS (I ran Debian) and then follow instructions for how to setup the service. This mostly was not a problem but one software I never managed to get working was Apache Guacamole.

Nowadays I have a Dell Optiplex I salvaged for parts, got a new case and all my HDDs from my R710. Because it has much less RAM and an old Intel i5 (6th or 7th generation), I decided to get into Docker. With Docker containers you write your compose file and it will just work. No more need to dig through documentation for which version of a dependency to use, how to handle if two services on the same host need different versions (this was part of the reason for one VM/service). With Docker, I can try out a software in seconds and have it configured to my liking in minutes.

Today I have NixOS (bare metal) and it comes with Podman which uses systemd. Hence restarting my OS (albeit not that often, almost never unless I mess up my config) is a no-brainer because Podman via systemd will manage everything. Adding, stopping or removing containers in general is easy. I have a script running as a service which will stop a container, create a BTRFS subvolume snapshot, start the service again and start borg backup to backup from the snapshot.

For me using Proxmox would just an extra layer of complexity I don't need. I only have one server and I am the only user.

Questions:

• Do you use Proxmox instead of a bare metal installation?
• Do you use containers or do you install manually?
• What is you use case that requires your setup the way it is?

I use both. The main benefit of proxmox is having VM snapshots/daily backups, if you mess up, just restore the whole thing. You also have stricter isolation, e.g. put public facing containers in one VM and local only stuff in another.

Also has high availability if you have multiple nodes but that can be achieved with container orchestration as well.

I moved from VMware Fusion after a hardware failure and migrated to Proxmox. I use VMs to isolate client information and to test and use different OS versions and distros.

I have a VM that runs Docker and connect to it via SSH for running applications I don't want to install on my main workstation.

My main workstation is also a VM.

I came from bare metal Linux for years and found that I spent too much time recompiling kernels to make it work with my hardware.

Now that everything is a VM, changing underlying hardware, and even hypervisor is trivial.

If VMware hadn't been bought by Broadcom and allowed me to virtualise x86 on Apple Silicon, I'd still be running VMware Fusion. UTM by the way is completely unreliable .. I really tried.

As it is, I'm running Proxmox on AMD.

in summary, Proxmox allows me to build what I need when I need it virtually and it's running on a standard Debian host.

Edit: #$#__# autocorrect (unreadable -> unreliable)

@captcha_incorrect Currently I'm running my personal services similar to you using Podman Quadlets and I really like it.I have also a testing installation of Proxmox on another system, but I'm also not so clear, if it would be a good way for my purposes.

I used to run bare metal monolith container host and it worked pretty well but eventually network configurations started tripping over each other and causing real issues (complicated by me running rootless Podman and wanting to run K3s cluster etc). I wanted to run Proxmox native containers but it turns out they run full root therefore breakout in one container means full host access, so now I run VMs as container hosts.

because sometimes i need a vm (home assisstant has more features thsn home assisstant container), sometimes a container (i mostly use lxc).

its not really an extra lauer because proxmox is an os.you use nixos i use proxmox. everything is out of the box. proxmox has comminntiu scripts to run everything and set them up. there is an i stall script for about everything
https://community-scripts.org/

sure podman has similar setup but i also need vms and they are all mamaged in one place

EDIT: you can read the script, its text

I like Proxmox for it's first-class treatment of ZFS. You can easily run Docker/Podman on top of it or in a VM. Proxmox has some other advantages like replication and clustering, but I'd say you don't need that in a home setup (at least I don't).

If I had to redo my setup today, I'd probably give TrueNAS SCALE a chance though.

so want to install radarr? Paste this totally not sketchy bash script into your terminal and execute it as root!!

ProxmoxVE helper scripts have been around for quite a while and are pretty easy to read, as well as being pretty well supported in the community. You can just go to the GitHub page and read them. I've used some of their scripts before by downloading them, customizing the scripts to my needs, and hosting it on a local web server inside my network. Now I can run one command and I'll have a new debian container on my host with ssh keys and everything.

I have a mix...

I have a home built NAS running on Arch with local installation of Immich (ie not a container)

I also have a low power, passively cooed box with Proxmox installed to run VMs for Home Assistant, ansible, uptime kuma, smokeping, etc.

I only intended to run Proxmox to test it out (my Home Assistant was running on a Pi3 and getting too slow for Voice), as I'd been using ESXi for years at work.

I now want to migrate to Arch with Incus and move those VMs across, but as I currently only have the 1 host and hardware's expensive, it'll stay that way for a while...

(Bonus: I have a few RasPi Zeros scattered around the house too running various things bare metal)

I use Proxmox with a VM for each service I provide and I still use docker compose.

This way I have nice VM backups (with Proxmox BS) + dockerized services deployed via GitLab CI pipelines.

I use a different 'type 1' hypervisor, create a small handful of VMs and then have a mess of containers inside containers in a couple of those. There's a distinct VM for email since that has so many special requirements that it was just easier, one lxc/incus container host for admin tools, one for user apps, one for piefed because all these fediverse apps are so busy with the constant exchanges it kind of needs its own host to not affect others...

Why is more a case of ease of administration frankly. Pretty much everything gets auto patched and backed up and it's easy to put up a new service or restore things if I hose something up.

The structure though has been a years long evolution that started out as 'I just want a NAS to share files' which then needed a frontend to make it more user friendly, and another app to play videos, and why not organize different file types rather than just dump em in a folder...

Check out the krun runtime for podman, if you want stronger container isolation from the host. It creates a small VM for each container. Gpu passthrough on linux is limited though.

I use proxmox for basically anything in my homelab, but there's no particular reason. I use it because it does what I need. It supports VMs in case I need a bit more control over what runs in the system (like a Windows VM) and it supports LXCs that fundamentally work like docker with less configuration steps. It provides a nice webUI if I need to check up on some things and an API so I can orchestrate all my systems with terraform.

It does the job and I never saw a reason to switch away from it.

I use Proxmox as a VDI server. I understand that this isn't homelab territory, but selfhosted VDIs have proven exponentially more reliable and easier to manage than cloud based ones (after the initial PitA setup). Flawless copy/paste, screen resize, and most importantly, file transfers. When you connect to 12 different clients, each with a different set of security requirements, system hardening, monitoring, and VPN access, being able to console amd fully interact with a sandboxed desktop becomes priceless.

I'll die on this hill.

Containers run on "bare metal" in the same way that other processes on your system run.

I used to be bare metal Debian, but I moved to ProxMox for a few reasons.

1. Backup and restore is a breeze, and the UI makes things human friendly.
2. It makes it easier to separate my wiki notes in an LXC so that I can still see them if I’m doing maintenance on my main server VM that requires restarts.
3. There is essentially no noticeable performance reduction.

It works, it’s easy, and the simplicity has saved my butt a few times. I don’t think I’ll be switching, and I’d recommend it to anyone running a homelab. I still use docker to manage most of my services inside a VM.

I'm running Docker inside a Debian VM on Proxmox and I forgot why. Next time I'd just run Docker on Debian.

Who was saying it was otherwise? Containers are not virtualization and never have been.

Just about everything is Proxmox for me, though a few things are just Debian.

I use LXCs, in general I don't like Docker so I avoid it in most cases. I have a couple VMs for it where I may spin something up to test, but if its around long-term it gets moved to an LXC. Usually because I prefer a bit more control on setup, and find it more manageable than having a bunch of mounts for everything. It also keeps things arranged in a way I prefer, gives me a single interface to access what I want, and makes backup more straightforward.

Whether I want a whole VM or just to run a single app as a service, I only have to go to one spot to do it.

I run Proxmox and have all my services running as docker containers on a VM. Snapshotting is amazing

I moved away from proxmox about 3 years ago to incus, primarily because Proxmox has a lot going on that I don't need, but also incus is much more amenable to configuration with ansible. Also, and maybe this has changed recently, but passing through PCI devices to incus is much easier.

I like the flexibility that proxmox provides me. I do this as a hobby and I'm self taught. I can try a bunch of things and if I mess up I can start over without much hassle.

You should be using them depending on your needs. There's a difference between app containers (single app per container), system containers (multiple apps in the same container) and VMs (OS + whatever, virtualized rather than containerized).

You probably need app containers most of the time so docker or podman is a good fit. But sometimes you might feel more confortable with another level of abstraction. Tools like Proxmox or Incus make it easy to manage "system"-level abstractions like system containers (with LXC) or VMs (with KVM) and give you a unified management approach.

You don't have to give up app containers either. You can run docker or podman inside an LXC system container and have the best of both worlds.

Deciding when to take advantage of the system abstraction is the hard part. A simple rule of thumb is to do it when you'd like to manage the "machine" that holds the stack in a way that's different from the host. Maybe you want to run a different Linux distro; maybe it's the same distro as the host but you want to organize it differently; maybe you need to run a non-Linux OS.

While I agree with you that they're well seasoned and established I disagree a lot with them being easy to read. They have a lot of sub-scripts that they include willy-nilly over multiple levels.

Another thing I dislike about them is basically the same as with docker, that they all include everything in it. Like every container wants his own mariadb/postgres/whatever. It should be at least an option to use existing containers, I don't need to run 5 psql servers... (I know that it had advantages too having everything separate but ehh). And then switching the software back to using the existing psql is more work then just not using the scripts at all...

Acronyms, initialisms, abbreviations, contractions, and other phrases which expand to something larger, that I've seen in this thread:

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Proxmox running LXC's and VM's, all of them also have docker installed

When I got started I saw a lot of suggestions for proxmox. For me, it was an extra layer I didn't feel like I needed. I installed Open Media Vault (just Debian with a web interface) and I have my docker containers for running the apps and eventually setup VMs for various other things. Staring out, Docker was a bit of a headache but now that I've got practice with it docker compose is fairly simple.

I appreciate that these days there are a bunch of really good tools out there and options.

Generally speaking:

• just want it to work with minimal effort: containers
• need very custom things, or very high efficiency: bare metal
• need high security, emulating bare metal, or like to do extra IT work: virtualization

Generally, these days, containers win 99% of the time as the best home lab backbone.

Maybe I misunderstood - The "NixOS (bare metal)" seemed to imply to me that the containers were not bare-metal by omission. If not then my complaint is retracted.

Couldnt you just make daily snapshots on baremetal? Like most configs will support a ZFS pool.

All my stuff is just configs anyway, so my backup is a Git commit. Lighter than a full snapshot. My server can be restarted with like 50mbs of information.

Docker images are images so disposable. All my files and databases are on my NAS which is a ZFS pool mirrored and with a weekly backup to a secondary NAS also mirrored. Plus I have an offsite cloud backup of everything. There isnt really anything on my server that matters other than some configs, scripts and ymls. Which by commiting to my Gitea, are all on my NAS with the rest of my data.

I still feel like Proxmox just invites you to tinker and fiddle with stuff that should be set and forget. Or overcomplexify your setup with too many moving parts.

For public stuff I just use a VPS. Better internet connection than at home, high availability and DDOS protection. Otherwise, an LXC with good firewall rules and a well configured reverse proxy should be sufficient.

I don't care much for proxmox but that's because I live in the terminal anyway and have a lot of experience administering Linux systems. So for me it's just an extra layer of complexity, the benefits don't really apply when my setup has IaC, most of my containers are in Podman rather than LXCs, my backups are automated with my own scripts and cronjobs, and I only run a couple of VMs. Also it makes encrypting the base system more difficult than it is with a standard distro

Install incus on your OS of choice to manage LXCs and VMs, it’s ideal!

No need to chain yourself to an OS that is rolling on the free branch, get stability and control!

As for LXCs vs Podman containers, seems it is preference of control. LXCs are little OSes you need to keep up to date, containers need to be rebuilt to keep up to date. (I think only Linuxserver images actually rebuild just for base OS updates, hopefully the reverse proxy and authentication images too)

Podman brings some nice networking, read-only features, and user abstraction with it, I think that helps it push ahead.

That said, LXCs are little OSes and that flexibility can be very useful. For instance, incus is able to make an LXC with a unique Mac from an Ethernet adapter - I haven’t cooked how to do that with Podman yet. So I run my DNS from there so it doesn’t mess with my server’s DNS port.

I run podman in proxmox vms

TrueNAS Scale is cool but I moved away from it as it is a pain and not terribly open

Sure, you can probably build something similar with zfs snapshots, but it'll likely not be as convenient. Have a VM? Create daily snapshots. Break something and can't figure it out? Just reset to the last backup to a complete working state.

Personally, I have the containers' mounts in the VMs (ergo on the nodes' disks) and just using the NAS for the backups. Even if both Proxmox nodes catch fire I can just import the snapshot to a new one and have a working VM in the same state again. That's a whole different level from re-cloning all the compose stacks, mount NFS shares etc. It's the ease of use.

It's not an either-or scenario. Running services in Docker/Podman is great and makes a lot of sense, as you've found. But there's no reason the OS running those Docker containers can't be a VM on a hypervisor like Proxmox. Then you get the simplicity of Docker, in addition to the isolation and segmentation (network and process) provided by VMs, and snapshot-based incremental backups from PBS. It's the best of both worlds. You wouldn't have a VM per service like you ran before, instead you'd have a VM per group of related services with common networking and security requirements. For example, all of your publicly exposed services can run in Docker in their own isolated VM that's walled off from the rest of your network, while your internal-only services also run in Docker, but on a separate VM on your internal network.

Proxmox with LXC’s and a few VM’s.
Often with Portainer as well.

It’s just nice to use and easy to automate backups.

I used to run barebone on Debian, but I accepted that I’m not good enough in the terminal and to used to graphical solutions to go back.

• No
• Manual only
• Because I'm old and crusty, and always rawdogged service setups. I'm sure containers are nice and all, I just never got around to learning them properly.

Podman sounds like a podcast about other podcasts

• Yes, but I also use podman on another machine.

• Proxmox server hosts LXC's and a few VMs.

• Proxmox makes it extremely easy to run and manage containerised workloads. Set it up in a flash and it runs happily, no intervention necessary. Podman containers on the other hand can be tricky to set up, but I prefer the controls I have on that machine. If it needs to be secure I Podman it, if not I just stick it in a Proxmox LXC.

I started with docker desktop on windows for a year. Got tired of resources redlining because windows is greedy. Tried proxmox and just couldn't get past the setup (don't remember which part). Anyway, running headless Debian with docker is working really well for about 2 months now. Between cockpit and my codeserver container I can get most anything done through gui. I even installed comai llm on my mint desktop machine to help me with commands.

Sounds great. I can recommend Dockhand for monitoring and managing Docker containers.

Well, they are just in a separate namespace.

Proxmox with VMs running Docker using Cosmos.

Pros: backups, easy VM management, easy disk management.

Having to manually start and stop your VMs is very atypical, proxmox can absolutely handle that itself

Been using proxmox for 10+years. It is rock solid. Cluster of 3 automatically handles VM movement. Plenty of options for snaps, backups, etc. Tons of support out there too

There are different reasons to run different things. Some apps are not able to be run as containers, or don't make sense to run containerized.

VMs offer better isolation between systems, which is important for high-security applications.

Traditional Hypervisors also allow you to easily run fleets of completely different OSes on the same hardware, which you can't do with containers.

On the other hand, if you want/need high scalability, extremely efficient resource usage, and you don't need to run radically different OS environments simultaneously, containers, especially Docker containers or Podman containers are a great choice.

Incus containers are a great middle ground that I'm a fan of more than Docker/podman containers or traditional VMs. They are system containers, vs application containers like Docker/Podman.

That means they are actually full-fledged Linux distros by default, but are still much smaller than a traditional VM.

Also, for any of these solutions, if you're constantly doing admin tasks manually, you're doing it wrong. All modern platforms have APIs or other ways to interact with them via code.

For my own setup, I have everything. My main server runs XCP-ng for the hypervisor, and I have several traditional VMs on it, including my primary NAS. I also run a virtual Incus host that I have my Minecraft server running in, and some random other system containers. I have a Docker host VM, but I don't really use it.

I also have my home media server which is a standalone system running TrueNAS on bare metal with Tailscale and Jellyfin running as Docker containers within TrueNAS.

My setup is messy because it has been built slowly over several years, and I don't have enough time or energy to rip it all down and put it back together in a more optimal way.

Proxmox with Kubernetes and containerization can allow you more easily manage your services and to have less downtime. But, as you said, it adds another layer. Is it worth the time to set it up? Over a long period, yes.

As a DevOps/Developer/Sysadmin, I'd probably use it if I set up a lot of services. If I just have some kind of file share thing, probably not.

Proxmox exclusively with unprivileged LXCs, which themselves host other docker containers/stacks managed with Dockhand (a more modern alternative to both Portainer and Dockge). I have a very tiny low power machine so I have to be kind with my resources, therefore no VMs. But LXCs are simpler anyway. I can easily pass devices like /dev/tun for tailscale and i forget the name of the iGPU for accelerated workloads (for Immich, Nextcloud).

Reasoning: with containers it's easy to make mistakes without dire consequences (just docker compose down -v and start over). The LXCs are easy to back up and restore. They hold internal running state of whatever docker containers I run in them.

Pro tip: don't map host paths using the UI (mp0 etc), use lxc.mount instead. This will let you continue to have snapshots of your LXCs whereas the other approach makes your LXC incompatible with snapshots.

Good luck!

That's apples and oranges.

Anyway, both podman and docker are extremely insecure. Safer to download signed ISOs to run in proxmox